Classification of organic compounds and naming of Alkanes

Classification of hydrocarbons 

Hydrocarbons compounds are classified into :

    1)Aliphatic       2)aromatic          

Aliphatic are classified into :

 A)open chain            b)saturated cyclic

Aliphatic open chain are classified into :

 A)saturated (alkanes)             

C)unsaturated (Alkenes –  Alkynes )

 Saturated cyclic :cyclic Alkanes 

Aromatic : unsaturated cyclic (Aromatic benzene C₆H₆ – Naphthaline C₁₀H₈)

Alkanes(Paraffins): are Aliphatic open chain  saturated hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are linked together with single bonds(C-C) 

General formula: C_nH_2n+2

Example:

Methane CH₄  – Ethane C₂H₆

Alkenes (Olifenes) :

They are aliphatic open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one double(C=C) bond or more between carbon atoms

General formula :C_nH_2n

Example :

Ethene C₂H₄

Alkynes (Acetylenes ):

They are aliphatic open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one triple bonds between carbon atoms 

General formula:C_nH_2n-2

Example:

Ethyne  C₂H₂   – propyne C₃H₆

Cyclic alkane:

They are Aliphatic saturated cyclic hydrocarbons where all carbon atoms are linked together with single bonds

Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons :

aromatic :Aromatic benzene C₆H₆ – Naphthalene C₁₀H₈

Naming of Alkanes

Alkyl group:

Steps to name of Alkanes:

• If there are any side-chains or functional groups present, then the position of these groups are indicated by numbering the carbon atoms in the longest chain starting at the end that gives the lowest possible numbers in the name
• The hydrocarbon side-chain is shown in brackets in the structural formula
• CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃
• The side-chain is named by adding ‘-yl’ to the normal alkane stem
• This type of group is called an alkyl group
•  

• If there are more than one of the same alkyl side-chain or functional groups, di- (for two), tri- (for three) or tetra- (for four) is added in front of its name
• The adjacent numbers have a comma between them
• Numbers are separated from words by a hyphen

• If there is more than one type of alkyl side-chain, they are listed in alphabetic order

References 

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